图解北京冬奥项目④——“越野滑雪”，硝烟中走来的雪上竞技

{"audio":{"members":[]},"gallery":{"members":[{"desc":"越野滑雪（CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING）  图说最古老的冬季运动项。越野滑雪原是北欧等地居民冬季出行、打猎和军事作战中的交通方式，故又称北欧滑雪。运动员能凭借登山、转弯、滑行、滑降等基本技术，长距离滑行于连绵的雪山之间。","height":472,"id":"fvyla4_418634","mime":null,"size":94.92,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/555fcd6745b7b009375bacd3ed4a8e4e.jpg","width":600},{"desc":"发展历史  越野滑雪起源于13世纪的北欧地区。据说在挪威内战期间，战场上有两名侦察兵情急之下变身“桦木腿”（脚踩桦木板材质滑雪板），怀抱当时只有两岁的国王哈康四世，在雪地上翻山越岭，最终摆脱了敌人的追捕。后来，挪威每年都举行约35英里的马拉松越野滑雪赛，以此来纪念这一历史事件。 越野滑雪从1924年法国夏蒙尼举办的第1届冬季奥运会开始至今，一直在冬奥会的正式比赛项目之列。1936年增设男子4×10公里；1952年奥斯陆冬奥会增加了女子10公里赛；1956年意大利科蒂纳丹佩佐冬奥运会增加了女子4×5公里接力、男子30公里赛；1964年增设女子5公里；1984年萨拉热窝冬奥会增设了女子15公里赛；1992年法国阿尔贝维尔冬奥会增设男子10公里、女子30公里赛。","height":515,"id":"lo7drx_912149","mime":null,"size":529.22,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/7a657d501467540cff2f6372f9c6be6f.gif","width":800},{"desc":"比赛装备  滑雪服","height":607,"id":"7d7mlf_702562","mime":null,"size":2.39,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/5b5aab2964e01510660ed61f7e18a1db.gif","width":800},{"desc":"滑雪服面料要兼备保暖性和透气性，同时要防水、防风、易保养、可水洗。 滑雪帽","height":1068,"id":"h5es4g_935136","mime":null,"size":148.92,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/9eb0b0e41cbf94e19fbc8433093b896c.png","width":402},{"desc":"滑雪帽多采用针织的舒适面料，防风保暖又透气，同时能有效保护头部。 滑雪鞋","height":481,"id":"qskr6h_8237","mime":null,"size":93.48,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/25bde1dc230788d23b829fd1190bbb49.png","width":736},{"desc":"滑雪鞋有自由式技术和传统式技术两种。两者区别在于鞋帮高度。自由式技术的鞋帮应高出踝骨，在保证踝关节活动不受限制的情况下对脚踝形成一定的支撑。相比之下传统式技术的鞋帮略低，但同样要保证其基本性能。 滑雪手套","height":1012,"id":"gh63dc_988647","mime":null,"size":399.33,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/b39393a2d44e4fec47666ec3abdca22b.png","width":1080},{"desc":"越野滑雪手套一般为五指分开型，质薄，为防雪杖滑，表面应作增大摩擦处理。 滑雪板  越野滑雪板主要有自由式板和传统式板两种类型。","height":1042,"id":"oawda2_915042","mime":null,"size":345.14,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/83b56157bf385b2052b6d761764d9f87.png","width":1080},{"desc":"(1)传统式板较长，有非常明显的弓形弧线，长度应大于使用者身高30厘米，张力应与运动员体重相适应。 (2)自由式板尖较小，板底是一个较大的涂蜡层，利于滑行，长度大于使用者身高15～20厘米，雪板张力要求相同 滑雪杖","height":1455,"id":"g00ond_588551","mime":null,"size":436.93,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/0b05fe03f6de4f50523271c920d69726.png","width":1080},{"desc":"滑雪杖的长度通常高于使用者的腰部但低于头顶，顶端有被称为“雪碗”的特殊造型装置，避免滑雪杖插入雪中太深。 滑雪镜","height":444,"id":"64nvfn_651043","mime":null,"size":226.81,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/db1fceaa4480cc44cd80e11441b98d57.gif","width":343},{"desc":"滑雪镜一般选用视野较开阔的球面镜，可保护眼睛不受阳光刺激。 比赛场地","height":238,"id":"daca9c_31335","mime":null,"size":66.05,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/31efe792664e8feccc96b98b2a5c0186.png","width":609},{"desc":"越野滑雪线路宽度通常为4～5米，雪地厚度约30厘米。线路要尽量选择森林、山丘等多变地形，以保证运动员全面完成登山、转弯、滑行、滑降等技术。越野滑雪线路包含上坡、下坡、起伏三种路面，每种路面各占总长度的1\/3，为保证运动员生命安全，线路不宜有急转弯和落差大的陡坡。 滑雪技术  越野滑雪比赛有自由技术和传统技术两种。自由技术对运动员蹬动动作不做限制，雪板不受雪槽限制。传统技术则包括双杖推撑滑行、交替滑行、无滑行阶段的八字踏步、转弯以及滑降，其中禁止双脚或单脚的蹬冰，雪板也必须放在比赛的雪槽中。话不多说，上图！ A.双杖推撑滑行","height":315,"id":"m0r349_44861","mime":null,"size":1.97,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/927c32b55d96a658579c3edceab9f1ad.gif","width":700},{"desc":"在平地滑行，左右脚的雪板基本保持平行 B.交替滑行","height":447,"id":"l0t9yd_520357","mime":null,"size":1.11,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/6ad83e584f62cbfaa2958df3e155e078.gif","width":985},{"desc":"踏步前进时与日常走路相似 C.无滑行阶段的八字踏步","height":265,"id":"k1jrjz_394156","mime":null,"size":671.89,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/762f75a3c3fcddcb36b98ce9f5568778.gif","width":639},{"desc":"D.转弯技术","height":430,"id":"6jmi4c_946859","mime":null,"size":1.16,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/4361e65b2897c3ec6c958957c06070e7.gif","width":800},{"desc":"E.滑降技术","height":600,"id":"e0dyv1_352148","mime":null,"size":549.98,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/009e6b71761ee64cf48ed187a3c9bb0a.gif","width":600},{"desc":"犯规动作  注意！敲黑板了！越野滑雪比赛中如果出现以下几种导致取消参赛资格的犯规动作，后果很严重哦！","height":406,"id":"6e172d_829845","mime":null,"size":466.72,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/82aaa42e1ab0f95960e37657ed3f0a65.gif","width":800},{"desc":"未按竞赛指定线路滑行或者抄近道","height":601,"id":"84sod4_523741","mime":null,"size":208.04,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/d83bc603e75acd83cd20bbac570a85c2.png","width":1080},{"desc":"当后面运动员要超越时，前面的运动员未能按要求让道或有意阻挡","height":601,"id":"0c5gwf_185339","mime":null,"size":289.01,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/a699a00e0a18c62230d8797109b6f4cd.png","width":1080},{"desc":"在传统技术竞赛中违反相关规则","height":601,"id":"vmgne8_321038","mime":null,"size":227.11,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/fefc3e5bad45ad750374019adf590aec.png","width":1080},{"desc":"得到非允许的帮助","height":601,"id":"dhe8vq_419344","mime":null,"size":227.74,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/a224299c9d5735f2b311052929395a14.png","width":1080},{"desc":"选手自身原因未能完成比赛  出发形式  越野滑雪比赛的出发形式有单人出发、集体出发和追逐出发3种形式。 A.单人出发","height":601,"id":"ykv3f7_593640","mime":null,"size":280.23,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/44990c0e07229ddac38cc1c56646609d.png","width":1080},{"desc":"B.集体出发","height":625,"id":"83ps5p_167463","mime":null,"size":2.86,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/1ba7ea6adca9e68ea77abf348347786f.gif","width":807},{"desc":"通常以带角度的出发线（箭形）排列，排名第1的运动员站在中间位置。偶数号码的运动员站在箭头右边，奇数号码的运动员站在箭头左边。 C.追逐赛出发程序","height":405,"id":"wuoocy_280758","mime":null,"size":706.47,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/ad84bafe90da5b2f6037373facc18855.gif","width":800},{"desc":"按上次比赛的排名顺序出发，得分最高者首先出发，第2名则第2个出发，以此类推。 赛项介绍","height":443,"id":"x7uh1h_833160","mime":null,"size":1.86,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/ec0e015e5b1712fbaaeb609734a55d67.gif","width":800},{"desc":null,"height":1172,"id":"c5bikv_703746","mime":null,"size":457.59,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/765318a16a5c80037ad9c13f83496c6e.jpg","width":1080},{"desc":"接力区  接力区有栅栏围绕并设置明显的标志符号，长度有30米。接力区前后100米以内的雪道要平直且标志明显。在终点线和接力区之间留有一个宽5米的安全区。","height":1172,"id":"wvwf8l_226153","mime":null,"size":526.46,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/ef3d05cb56df8cb43a9241ab0f4a0ddf.jpg","width":1080},{"desc":"换板区  当比赛前半段为传统式滑行，后半段为自由式滑行时因所需雪板不同，中间需要在换板区进行一次换板。","height":348,"id":"9crznm_967555","mime":null,"size":580,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/0cc303ce46ab210529ccab718f4a2f7d.gif","width":800},{"desc":"北京冬奥会赛项  北京2022年冬奥会越野滑雪竞赛项目包括男子双追逐、个人短距离、15公里、4×10公里接力、团体短距离、50公里集体出发；女子双追逐、个人短距离、10公里、4×5公里接力、团体短距离、30公里集体出发。各路“雪上英杰”将在张家口赛区展开12枚金牌的角逐。","height":434,"id":"0dvhug_644154","mime":null,"size":660.68,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/2622b1a8eecc4b533c7f490def061f00.gif","width":800},{"desc":"历届冬奥会奖牌榜  纵观历届冬奥会越野滑雪奖牌榜，可以看出挪威、瑞典、瑞士等北欧国家实力非凡，新华体育在这里为他们打call！","height":1140,"id":"skrw0u_373052","mime":null,"size":425.73,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/94997ede1044cf96112b36a10a861dbf.jpg","width":1080},{"desc":"作者：北京林业大学王瑾 张蕊 肖蕾  本研究为：“2016年度教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目《2022北京冬奥会视觉导向系统研究》的研究成果” 项目编号：16YJA760037","height":797,"id":"9iuz08_401650","mime":null,"size":517.41,"url":"//img.huanqiucdn.cn/dp/api/files\/imageDir\/d766365be0b47ae297e79883dcdeef1a.jpg","width":1080}]},"video":{"members":[]}}